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In this demo, we’ll bring up 3 nodes and demonstrate how writes and reads look, with tracing enabled in a cluster where our Replication Factor (RF) is set to 3. We’ll change the Consistency Level (CL) between operations to show how messages are passed between nodes, and finally take down a few nodes to show failure conditions in a ScyllaDB cluster.
You can also learn more in the High Availability lesson on ScyllaDB University.
Note: We use asciinema to generate the console casts used in this demo. These asciicasts are more readable than embedded video, and allow you to copy the text or commands directly from the console to your clipboard. We suggest viewing console casts in fullscreen to see the properly formatted output.
First, we’ll bring up a 3-node docker cluster. You’ll see all the nodes eventually read UN for status. U means up, and N means normal. Read more about Nodetool Status.
Once all nodes are up, we can run our CQL shell.
We’ve run nodetool status after we’ve waited for all nodes to come up:
Datacenter: datacenter1
=======================
Status=Up/Down
|/ State=Normal/Leaving/Joining/Moving
-- Address Load Tokens Owns (effective) Host ID Rack
UN 172.17.0.3 127.42 KB 256 65.8% 66a3bfe7-3e90-4859-a394-becc00af1cf2 rack1
UN 172.17.0.2 110.58 KB 256 65.5% f66639bf-3259-47f5-8487-602fcb082624 rack1
UN 172.17.0.4 118.38 KB 256 68.6% d978ff65-0331-4f27-a129-9be2d7169ad6 rack1
So, what happens when we take a single node down? Here, we’ll take a single node down, check status with nodetool, attempt a write with ALL and QUORUM consistency levels.
Note that we’ve turned tracing off. We can observe that our CL=ALL writes will always fail because one of the nodes is down. CL=QUORUM operations could fail, depending on whether a required partition replica falls on a node that is up or down.
Let’s take a second node down and attempt to read and write with QUORUM and ONE consistency levels.
With 2 nodes down on our 3 node cluster and RF=3, a CL=QUORUM will always fail as at least one of the required nodes will always be down. One the other hand, a CL=ONE will succeed, as it only requires one up node.
Finally, we’ll turn on tracing, and with all our nodes up, write to the table with CL=ALL and read from it with CL=QUORUM.
We’ve just written a record with our consistency level set to ALL.
cqlsh:mykeyspace> CONSISTENCY ALL
Consistency level set to ALL.
cqlsh:mykeyspace> CREATE TABLE users(user_id int PRIMARY KEY, fname text, lname text);
cqlsh:mykeyspace> TRACING ON
Now Tracing is enabled
cqlsh:mykeyspace> insert into users(user_id, lname, fname) values (1, 'tzach', 'livyatan');
Here’s the output:
Tracing session: 84deb7a0-9d81-11e7-b770-000000000002
activity | timestamp | source | source_elapsed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------
Execute CQL3 query | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.362000 | 172.17.0.4 | 0
Parsing a statement [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.362223 | 172.17.0.4 | 14
Processing a statement [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.362604 | 172.17.0.4 | 273
Creating write handler for token: -4069959284402364209 | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.362962 | 172.17.0.4 | 755
natural: {172.17.0.3, 172.17.0.4, 172.17.0.2} pending: {} [shard 0] | | |
Creating write handler with live: {172.17.0.2, 172.17.0.3, 172.17.0.4} | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.362992 | 172.17.0.4 | 784
dead: {} [shard 0] | | |
Sending a mutation to /172.17.0.2 [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.363171 | 172.17.0.4 | 959
Sending a mutation to /172.17.0.3 [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.363298 | 172.17.0.4 | 1090
Executing a mutation locally [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.363316 | 172.17.0.4 | 1109
Message received from /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.363942 | 172.17.0.3 | 16
Sending mutation_done to /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.364225 | 172.17.0.3 | 307
Message received from /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.365395 | 172.17.0.2 | 93
Sending mutation_done to /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.365561 | 172.17.0.2 | 206
Mutation handling is done [shard 1] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.366538 | 172.17.0.2 | 1234
Got a response from /172.17.0.2 [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.368064 | 172.17.0.4 | 5858
Got a response from /172.17.0.4 [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.369589 | 172.17.0.4 | 7384
Mutation handling is done [shard 1] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.370843 | 172.17.0.3 | 6928
Got a response from /172.17.0.3 [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.372486 | 172.17.0.4 | 9964
Mutation successfully completed [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.372519 | 172.17.0.4 | 10314
Done processing - preparing a result [shard 0] | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.372548 | 172.17.0.4 | 10341
Request complete | 2017-09-19 21:28:46.372357 | 172.17.0.4 | 10357
With tracing on, we have verbose output. Also, with all nodes up, we should have no errors experiencing a CL=ALL write. (Later, we will try different consistency levels with 1 and 2 nodes down.) With RF=3, we see all three nodes involved in the interaction. Once the co-ordinator (172.17.0.4) has received responses from the two other replicas - 172.17.0.2 and 172.17.0.3 - as well as itself- the operation is complete.
So what happens when we write under QUORUM instead of ALL? QUORUM means that we only require responses from (Replication Factor/2) + 1 nodes. Our replication factor is 3, therefore only a majority of 2 nodes must provide an acknowledgement for the eventually-consistent write to be considered successful. Below, we observe that our coordinator, after sending two other mutations to replicas 172.17.0.2 and 172.17.0.3, executes a mutation locally. However, our coordinator only requires a write acknowledgement from itself and 172.17.0.3 before Mutation successfully completed is returned. Note that the response from 172.17.0.2 actually comes later.
cqlsh:mykeyspace> CONSISTENCY QUORUM
Consistency level set to QUORUM.
cqlsh:mykeyspace> insert into users (user_id, fname, lname) values (2, 'john', 'hammink');
Output:
Tracing session: ccb9d1d0-98d7-11e7-b971-000000000003
activity | timestamp | source | source_elapsed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------
Execute CQL3 query | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.821000 | 172.17.0.4 | 0
Parsing a statement [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.821879 | 172.17.0.4 | 1
Processing a statement [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822050 | 172.17.0.4 | 172
Creating write handler for token: -3248873570005575792 | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822160 | 172.17.0.4 | 283
natural: {172.17.0.3, 172.17.0.4, 172.17.0.2} pending: {} [shard 3] | | |
Creating write handler with live: {172.17.0.2, 172.17.0.3, 172.17.0.4} | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822171 | 172.17.0.4 | 293
dead: {} [shard 3] | | |
Sending a mutation to /172.17.0.2 [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822192 | 172.17.0.4 | 314
Sending a mutation to /172.17.0.3 [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822209 | 172.17.0.4 | 331
Executing a mutation locally [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822214 | 172.17.0.4 | 336
Message received from /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822564 | 172.17.0.2 | 7
Message received from /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.822851 | 172.17.0.3 | 5
Sending mutation_done to /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.823009 | 172.17.0.2 | 452
Mutation handling is done [shard 1] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.823067 | 172.17.0.2 | 510
Sending mutation_done to /172.17.0.4 [shard 1] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.823734 | 172.17.0.3 | 887
Mutation handling is done [shard 1] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.823744 | 172.17.0.3 | 898
Got a response from /172.17.0.4 [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.823984 | 172.17.0.4 | 2106
Got a response from /172.17.0.3 [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.824998 | 172.17.0.4 | 3120
Mutation successfully completed [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.825003 | 172.17.0.4 | 3125
Done processing - preparing a result [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.825054 | 172.17.0.4 | 3176
Got a response from /172.17.0.2 [shard 3] | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.825696 | 172.17.0.4 | 3817
Request complete | 2017-09-13 23:03:47.824182 | 172.17.0.4 | 3182
We can observe that reading under QUORUM consistency works similarly. In our example below, our coordinator 172.17.0.4 waits for only read_data from 172.17.0.2 (as well as itself earlier: read_data: querying locally) before the read is considered successful. Note that node 172.17.0.3 similarly handles read_digest as 172.17.0.2 handles read_data.
cqlsh:mykeyspace> CONSISTENCY QUORUM
Consistency level set to QUORUM.
cqlsh:mykeyspace> select * from users where user_id = 1;
Output:
user_id | fname | lname
---------+-------+----------
1 | tzach | livyatan
(1 rows)
Tracing session: b11084e0-9e33-11e7-9f6b-000000000003
activity | timestamp | source | source_elapsed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------
Execute CQL3 query | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926000 | 172.17.0.4 | 0
Parsing a statement [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926442 | 172.17.0.4 | 1
Processing a statement [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926538 | 172.17.0.4 | 97
Creating read executor for token -4069959284402364209 | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926606 | 172.17.0.4 | 165
with all: {172.17.0.4, 172.17.0.2, 172.17.0.3} | | |
targets: {172.17.0.4, 172.17.0.2, 172.17.0.3} | | |
repair decision: DC_LOCAL [shard 3] | | |
read_digest: sending a message to /172.17.0.3 [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926634 | 172.17.0.4 | 193
read_data: querying locally [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926664 | 172.17.0.4 | 223
read_data: sending a message to /172.17.0.2 [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926711 | 172.17.0.4 | 270
read_digest: message received from /172.17.0.4 [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.926956 | 172.17.0.3 | 6
read_data: message received from /172.17.0.4 [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.927310 | 172.17.0.2 | 7
read_digest handling is done, sending a response to /172.17.0.4 [shard 3]| 2017-09-20 18:44:10.927454 | 172.17.0.3 | 505
read_data handling is done, sending a response to /172.17.0.4 [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.928248 | 172.17.0.2 | 946
read_digest: got response from /172.17.0.3 [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.929873 | 172.17.0.4 | 3432
read_data: got response from /172.17.0.2 [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.929880 | 172.17.0.4 | 3439
Done processing - preparing a result [shard 3] | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.929934 | 172.17.0.4 | 3493
Request complete | 2017-09-20 18:44:10.929503 | 172.17.0.4 | 3503
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